| Evaniidae | |
|---|---|
| Evania | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| (unranked) | Evaniomorpha |
| Superfamily: | Evanioidea |
| Family: | Evaniidae |
| Diversity | |
| Around 20 living genera | |
| Synonyms | |
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Evaniidae, also known as the ensign wasps or hatchet wasps, is a family of parasitic wasps. It numbers around 20 extant genera containing over 400 described species, and is found all over the world except in the polar regions. The larvae of these solitary wasps feed on cockroaches and develop inside the egg-cases (oothecae) of their hosts.[1]
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Evaniidae have the metasoma attached very high above the hind coxae on the propodeum, and the metasoma itself is quite small, with a long one-segmented tubelike petiole, and compressed laterally over most of its length (segments 2-8). The ovipositor is short and thin. When active, these wasps jerk the metasoma up and down constantly, as referenced in their common names. The mesosoma is high, short and heavily sclerotized, with a ridged and pitted surfact. The head is largely immovable and attaches to the metasoma on a short neck, with usually 13-segmented antennae that do not differ between males and females.[1]
Apomorphies of ensign wasp wings and their venation are:[1]
As far as is known, ensign wasp larvae are predatory on the eggs of cockroaches. But good host data is only known for a fraction of this family, about 4% as of 2008, and thus it is likely that more unusual life history strategies exist. Host specificity and coevolution with roach lineages seems to have played a significant factor in the evolution of some ensign wasp lineages. Others are less discriminating in their host choice and will attack almost any ootheca of a particular size.[1]
The female wasp lays an egg inside the roach ootheca (egg case), and the wasp larva hatches quickly and consumes the roach eggs. Technically, they are thus predators, rather than parasites or parasitoids as other parasitic wasps. A single egg is laid per ootheca, into a host egg in some Evaniidae, and between the eggs in others. Some are able to oviposit even when the female cockroach still carries the fresh ootheca around, while other ensign wasps will only attack oothecae that are completed and have been dropped by the mother roach. The wasps seem to be able to determine if an ootheca is already used to host a larva, and refrain from depositing eggs in such cases; alternatively, the larvae might be cannibalic, with the first to hatch in an ootheca eating any wasp eggs subsequently deposited.[1]
Two Evaniidae species, Evania appendigaster and Prosevania fuscipes, have achieved an essentially worldwide distribution nowadays, having been introduced along with various Blattidae species of genera Blatta and Periplaneta. While they do feed on insects that are considered pests, they rarely attain population sizes sufficient to act as effective biocontrol agents. As cockroaches are typically more abundant in and around human settlements, Evaniidae are a regular sight in such habitat where many other wasps are absent, and are frequently encountered in buildings looking for prey. The adults drink nectar from flowers and neither they nor the larvae are dangerous or harmful to humans.[1]
Before 1939, the Evaniidae were a "wastebin taxon" for any parasitic wasp with unusual morphology. Among these were the more apomorphic and less diverse (but about equally speciose) taxa now placed in the Aulacidae and Gasteruptiidae, which together with ensign wasps make up the superfamily Evanioidea. These were formerly a part of the paraphyletic "Parasitica", ranked as an infraorder. But the parasitic wasp lineages are not more closely related among themselves than they are related to unparasitic wasps, and thus the "Parasitica" are an obsolete group.[2]
Rather, the Evanioidea seem to be close relatives of the Megalyroidea, Trigonaloidea, and particularly the Ceraphronoidea. These four superfamilies seem to make up a clade, which could be considered one of several infraorders to replace the superseded "Parasitica".[3]
The living ensign wasp genera can be divided into one larger and four smaller groups, which might be considered subfamilies. Some genera are hard to place in these though; they probably represent minor lineages of a more basal position. The groups, with genera sorted according to the presumed relationship, are:[1]
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Basal genera
Thaumatevania group
Zeuxevania group
Evania group
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Evaniella group
Hyptia group
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Ensign wasps must have originated over 150 million years ago. Overall, they are successful organisms, existing since the time dinosaurs roamed the Earth with little change in morphology and, presumably, ecology. The fossil record, in particular from fossil amber, is quite comprehensive, with about 10 genera and twice as many species known from the Late Jurassic right up to a few million years ago. The primitive Mesozoic genera Andrenelia, Botsvania and Praevania are only tentatively identified as Evaniidae at present; the first was once separated as family Andreneliidae.[1]
Evaniidae seem to have undergone significant evolutionary radiation in the Cretaceous; these taxa were separated as Cretevaniidae, but seem to be a subfamily if anything. The main lineages of extant ensign wasps probably were well separate by the mid-Paleogene. Few Evaniidae have been found in deposits dating from the Paleogene however, and the ancestry of the living genera consequently remains not well documented. Eoevania and Protoparevania seem to be closer to the living lineages than earlier fossils.[1]
Ensign wasp genera known only from fossils are:[1]